Effect of Processing Method of Kidney Beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris) on Carcass Quality, Organ Weight and Organoleptic Properties of Broiler
Abstract
Effect of processing method of kidney beans (phaseolus vulgaris) on carcass quality, organ weight and organoleptic properties of broiler was studied using one hundred and twenty day-old chicks (Arbo acre strain). Raw, dehulled and boiled KB were used for treatment 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Prior to grinding of KB, 50kg was boiled at 100 0C for 1 hour, 10kg was dehulled by immersing in cool water for 20 hours, and seed coat removed. The work was carried out using completely randomized design, with four treatments and three replicates of 10 birds per replicate. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS version 22. The relative weight of liver, spleen and heart had no significant effect (p>0.05) within the dietary treatment. The weight of the liver was smaller in birds fed raw kidney beans meal and the liver was characterized by marked coagulative necrosis. The weight of the gizzard was significantly (p<0.05) higher in birds fed control diet. Furthermore there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in birds fed boiled, dehulled and control diets on the breast weight but significantly smaller in those fed raw diet meal. There were also no significant differences on the drumstick, thigh, neck and head size. Tenderness was not significantly affected by the dietary treatments. Juiciness, taste, and flavour intensity showed significant differences within the dietary treatment while overall acceptability showed a significant increase with the boiled kidney bean meal. Consequently, birds fed with BKD performed better in the organoleptic properties, while those on dehulled kidney beans meal gave better result for organ weight and carcass yield. In conclusion, sensory characteristics, organ weight, and carcass yield is an indication that kidney beans especially the boiled and dehulled one can serve as a feed ingredient in broiler ration would have no adverse effect.
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Introduction
According to Dipeolu et al. (2004) poultry industry has been described as the fastest means of ameliorating the animal protein deficiency in third world countries particularly in Nigeria, due to the high turnover rate associated with poultry production and consequent economic efficiency. Feed, which accounts for 60-80% of the total cost of production of most livestock species, is by far the major factor limiting the growth and expansion of the livestock industry (Ogundipe, 1992; Ikani et al., 2001). Currently, the convectional protein ingredient for monogastric animal feed production such as soyabean and groundnut cakes are often scarce and expensive due to the high demand for them for human consumption. Consequently, animal nutritionists in developing countries such as Nigeria have resorted to exploring other potential and hitherto neglected feed resources in order for the monogastric animal feed industry to have a wider range of alternatives to choose from. The availability of alternative sources of nutrient will encourage a shift to the sources for which there is less competition. Efforts have been made to use the vegetable protein sources such as pigeon pea (Amaefule and Obioha, 2001; Lorgyer et al., 2009; Lorgyer, 2010), Mucuna pruriens seeds (Emenalom and Udedibie, 1998; Tuleun et al., 2011) and Jack beans (Esonu et al., 1998) in monogastric diets with encouraging results.
Conclusion
There were no significant differences on the weight of the heart, liver, spleen and intestine indicating that the three methods used in processing of KB had no deleterious effect on the internal organs of the broilers. Wafar et al. (2017) reported a similar result on the organs (liver and gizzard) while working with pumpkin seed based meal on the performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. They maintained that the increasing level of the pumpkin seed in the diet did not affect the internal organs. Again, Soultan (2009) observed that 5% inclusion of palm kernel cake in broiler diet had no significantly effect on spleen and live weight. However, Fasuyi (2007) and Tamburawa et al. (2016) reported increase in weight of heart and liver while feeding some supplements.
Yakubu (2017) also gave similar result that Jatropha curcass seed meal increased heart weight which according to him might have be caused by increased metabolic requirement. There is also a significant difference in the weight of the gizzard across the dietary treatment. This could be as a result of extra muscular activity in breaking down ingesta which have high fiber. Richard (2012) reported a similar result and attributed a higher gizzard weight obtained to increase in frequency of contraction of this organ to reduce fiber particles. There is a significant difference between bird fed treatment diet two and other treatments. This could be as result of toxic substance. The result is in line with the report of Emiola et al. (2007) who equally observed that the liver was characterized by marked coagulative necrosis and degeneration of the hepatocytes of bird when fed raw and dehulled seed meal. Ortiz et al. (1994) also observed a degeneration of the hepatocytes in the liver which he said was due to the high tannin content of the diet.
No significant differences in the breast weight of birds fed boiled, dehulled and control diet implies that either processing method is ideal as long as breast weight is concern. Thus the treatments did not exhibit any detrimental effect on breast weight. The difference observed on the breast weight of birds fed raw kidney bean with others indicate insufficient nutrient for tissues synthesis in the group. This result correlates with that of Tuleun et al. (2011) who in their study reported a decreased in the breast weight of bird fed fermented Mucuna seed meal. He claimed that the nutrients required for tissues synthesis was not sufficient and this could be attributed to poor utilization of protein due to the presence of ant nutritional factors possibly tannin. Muhammad (2017) reported a high breast weight and better feed utilization when fed 20% pigeon pea boiled with potash diet in birds because of the improved palatability with inclusion of boiled pigeon pea seed in diet.
The drumstick, thigh, neck and head of the different dietary treatments were not significantly similar. This may be that the carcass was not influenced by the treatment. This result concurs observation of Aletor (1992) who reported from his study on the effect of different processed soybeans on the performance, organ weight, carcass yield on the economic producing broiler that the carcass were not significantly influenced by the dietary treatments. The differences observed in the shank weight and this result is in agreement with Aletor (1992).
There were no significant difference on the juiciness, tenderness and flavor intensity of the broiler fed the different dietary treatment. This may be due to the age of the bird at slaughter, adequate water in the meat and similar fat level in the meat. This result agrees with Teye et al. (2011). The juiciness in meat arises from the moisture relaxed by the meat during chewing (Howard, 1976; Christens et al, 2000). According to Lowrie (1976) and Ledward (2006) fat in meat improves the appearance, juiciness and other sensory qualities of meat. The taste and overall acceptability of the dietary treatment four were significantly higher than other treatment groups. Boiled kidney bean was observed to be most preferred in terms of taste, overall acceptability, flavor intensity in addition juiciness and tenderness.