Instrumental Characterization of Bull's (Red Bororo) Bloodmeal from its Fresh Sample
Abstract
The chloro compound, Ethene, Amine, Carbonyl compound, cyanide and methylene compounds were assigned 889.9796 cm-1 , 1401.735 cm-1 , 1627.371 cm-1 , 2208.360 cm-1 , 2445.666 cm-1 and 2600.767 cm-1 respectively. Methylene has a weak band, making it less prominent in Bull’s bloodmeal. The fresh blood and dried blood of a red Bororo male cattle was subjected to infra-red spectroscopy at Spring board laboratory, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. The interactive effects due to the functional groups during drying were responsible for the changes observed in the spectra. It can be deduced that the dried sample has a more stable and sharper bands than those of the fresh sample. The infra-red spectrum of the bloodmeal consists of several peaks. At the region of N-H stretches, the peak looks like a cow udder, confirming the presence of primary amine.
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Introduction
Bloodmeal is a dry inert powder used as a high protein livestock feed. Bloodmeal contains fat, fibre, ash etc. It also contains lysine, calcium, isoleucine, phosphorus and Methionine. It is imperative to note that the notable feature of raw blood is its high content of moisture. Food materials with high moisture content are liable to deteriorate easily. Raw blood must be processed before being incorporated into animal feeds. Blood from animals has recorded widespread applications especially in the food industry. Blood has been used as emulsifiers, to make blood sausages, blood curd, bread and blood pudding, blood cake and biscuits (Hsieh and Ofori, 2011 and Damba, 2017). As a result of limitation on blood applicability in the food industry from consumers, cultural and religious perceptions, blood has found applications in other industrial applications (Damba, 2017). These applications include animal feed as supplement and dietary enricher, food industry as emulsifier and thickener, fertilizers as pH stabilizer and seed coating, laboratory as culture media and protein source, medical, pharmaceutics as cosmetics and industry as adhesive, insecticide coadjutant, plastic additive, etc. (Davila Ribot, 2007).
Due to the scarcity of protein feedstocks in animal feeds formulation, Bloodmeal adoption, in the formulation of livestock feeds, as a protein source becomes highly imperative. This is majorly because of the availability of blood from abattoirs that can easily be dried. Donkoh et al, (1999) posits that the re-appraisal of optimum inclusion rate, and a recognition that balanced amino acid can improve livestock performance. Amine-group-containing species are amino acids and their polymers. The chemistry of amino acid side chains is critical to protein structure. Proteins are large biological molecules made up of long chains of smaller molecules called amino acids. Amino acids are organic molecules that contain an amine functional group (-NH2), a carboxylic acid (-COOH). The presence of amines in bloodmeal makes bloodmeal a high protein animal feedstock.